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Real estate guide

Earthquake Risk and Structural Inspection Guide

Assess earthquake exposure and building condition separately using permits, structural reports and a qualified engineer’s property-specific inspection.

65 knowledge topics
Earthquake Risk and Structural Inspection Guide

Distinguish regional hazard from building vulnerability

A regional earthquake hazard map describes exposure, not the tested performance of one apartment block. Request the building's permits, available structural drawings, alteration history, past damage records and relevant inspection reports. Have a qualified engineer assess site-specific deficiencies and the limits of the available evidence. Translate findings into repair costs, occupancy disruption, insurance questions and a clear go/no-go review before treating a low purchase price as a benefit.

Practical verification checklist

Structural due diligence: Collect building permit, occupancy documents, approved plans and available inspection or strengthening reports. Engage a qualified structural engineer for site-specific assessment; building age or a neighborhood hazard map alone cannot establish a unit’s safety. Document visible alterations, soil-related concerns and the scope and limitations of any inspection.

JUANA Real Estate Editorial Team

Last reviewed: 2026-08-27

Content is reviewed against official and primary sources and updated when rules or information change.

Official review sources

Topics in this guide

DASK Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Guide

DASK Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Guide

A comprehensive guide to DASK compulsory earthquake insurance: covered buildings and damage, exclusions, 2% deductible, policy data, renewal and the limits of insurance as a safety indicator.

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Earthquake Preparedness for Property Owners

Earthquake Preparedness for Property Owners

A homeowner earthquake-preparedness guide for Türkiye covering family planning, securing furniture, emergency kits, utility shut-offs, Drop-Cover-Hold On, assembly areas, DASK, building checks and post-quake actions.

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Building Demolition Risk Record Check

Building Demolition Risk Record Check

Demolition risk must be tied to a building-specific official record: risky-building determination, demolition/evacuation notice, urban-transformation action or municipal enforcement. A general earthquake-hazard map does not establish that a building is ordered demolished.

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Earthquake, Flood, Infrastructure Guide

Earthquake, Flood, Infrastructure Guide

Assessing property-location risk is one of the most important pillars of due diligence in modern real-estate investment. A property's value is not limited to its interior design or luxurious finishes; it is closely connected to its geographic setting and surrounding environmental conditions. Engineering and planning literature shows that understanding natural hazards and the infrastructure surrounding a real-estate project directly helps protect invested capital and supports long-term asset sustainability. This comprehensive guide addresses the main dimensions of property-location risk, with a focus on earthquakes, flooding, topography and infrastructure efficiency, in line with the quality and documentation standards applied in current property records.

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Flood and Water Risk Location Screening

Flood and Water Risk Location Screening

Use Flood and Water Risk Location Screening to build a clear, evidence-based answer to the topic itself. The guide separates verified facts from assumptions, records the competent source and date, and keeps any unresolved legal, technical, tax, payment or cost issue visible.

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Earthquake risk screening Verification Guide

Earthquake risk screening Verification Guide

A Turkish property earthquake-screening guide: use the AFAD hazard map as a hazard input, not a building-safety verdict; review soil, construction era, records, damage and alterations; and separate initial screening from engineering assessment or formal risky-building determination under Law 6306.

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Earthquake Risk, Structural Inspection and Building-Age Due Diligence

Earthquake Risk, Structural Inspection and Building-Age Due Diligence

“Earthquake Risk, Structural Inspection and Building-Age Due Diligence” engages Condominium Ownership Law No. 634 whenever the issue concerns an independent unit, common part, land share or site management. The law distinguishes independent sections, common areas and appurtenances and regulates management, common expenses and advances. An aidat amount, parking/storage right or ownership-share ratio should therefore not be accepted from a seller’s statement alone; the management plan, decision book, unit ledger, registry and approved project are checked according to the issue.

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Earthquake risk screening Risk Review

Earthquake risk screening Risk Review

Start with AFAD site hazard and building age/system, and tie both to the exact property, party and transaction date. The evidence file should cover AFAD site hazard, building age/system, alterations, technical reports and Riskli Yapı records. A document can be genuine yet still be unusable if it belongs to a different unit, parcel, year or transaction. For the risk review, test the strongest claim first.

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Earthquake risk screening Decision Framework

Earthquake risk screening Decision Framework

Start with AFAD site hazard and building age/system, and tie both to the exact property, party and transaction date. For the decision framework, test the strongest claim first. If alterations conflicts with technical reports, preserve both pieces of evidence and identify the reason for the conflict before treating the file as complete. Topic-specific application: AFAD’s Türkiye Earthquake Hazard Map has been in force since 1 January 2019 and expresses hazard by location coordinates; it is a hazard tool, not a certificate that a specific building is earthquake-resistant.

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Buyer Questions for Earthquake risk screening

Buyer Questions for Earthquake risk screening

Treat this as a transaction decision file. For “Buyer Questions for Earthquake risk screening”, begin with earthquake and risk and make sure both relate to the same asset, party and review date. Cure the issue by re-pulling the competent official record, reconciling identifiers, comparing versions and documenting why the new evidence supersedes the old. Use PASS only when current evidence supports the transaction assumption.

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Closing-Day Check for Earthquake risk screening

Closing-Day Check for Earthquake risk screening

Start from the fact that would change the deal if wrong. For “Closing-Day Check for Earthquake risk screening”, begin with earthquake and risk and make sure both relate to the same asset, party and review date. Mark each as verified, conflicting, stale or unavailable. Check screening independently from the person or document that supplied earthquake. If it conflicts with closing, identify the authoritative owner of the fact and obtain a fresh record.

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Earthquake risk screening Recordkeeping Guide

Earthquake risk screening Recordkeeping Guide

Start with AFAD site hazard and building age/system, and tie both to the exact property, party and transaction date. For the recordkeeping, test the strongest claim first. If alterations conflicts with technical reports, preserve both pieces of evidence and identify the reason for the conflict before treating the file as complete. Example: the file contains AFAD site hazard, but Riskli Yapı records cannot be verified.

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Earthquake risk screening Red Flags Guide

Earthquake risk screening Red Flags Guide

Start with AFAD site hazard and building age/system, and tie both to the exact property, party and transaction date. For red flags, test the strongest claim first. If alterations conflicts with technical reports, preserve both pieces of evidence and identify the reason for the conflict before treating the file as complete. Example: the file contains AFAD site hazard, but Riskli Yapı records cannot be verified.

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Building age and renovation history Verification Guide

Building age and renovation history Verification Guide

A Turkish property guide to verifying building age and renovation history: separate permit and occupancy dates from finish age, document later alterations, repairs and strengthening, and never treat cosmetic renovation as proof that the structure is newer or safer.

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Buyer Questions for Building age and renovation history

Buyer Questions for Building age and renovation history

Buyer questions should be evidence-producing, not conversational. In “Buyer Questions for Building age and renovation history”, apply this evidence through the buyer-question review and reconcile building/renovation/buyer/questions to the controlling record for the same property before accepting the conclusion. For “Buyer Questions for Building age and renovation history”, compare documentary status with the physical, payment or operational reality relevant to the topic and write down every unexplained difference before commitment.

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Closing-Day Check for Building age and renovation history

Closing-Day Check for Building age and renovation history

Closing-day control re-checks items that can change up to the last moment: attendee/agent identity, final contract version, registry status, beneficiary account, amount, keys and handover. Do not assume last week’s check is automatically still valid. For “Closing-Day Check for Building age and renovation history” specifically, apply that point through the closing-day check and tie the conclusion to the same property, party and decision date rather than carrying it over from another transaction.

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Building age and renovation history Red Flags Guide

Building age and renovation history Red Flags Guide

original permit occupancy date major alterations reinforcement later approvals How to test the red flags For the red flags, test the strongest claim first. If major alterations conflicts with reinforcement, preserve both pieces of evidence and identify the reason for the conflict before treating the file as complete. Stop conditions A common failure pattern is that original permit appears correct while later approvals is missing, stale or linked to another record.

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Structural Inspection and Risky-Building Verification Guide

Structural Inspection and Risky-Building Verification Guide

A structural-inspection guide for buying property in Türkiye: verify the exact building and inspection scope, distinguish visual screening from performance assessment or formal risky-building determination, and require proportionate engineering evidence and testing where needed.

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Buyer Questions for Structural inspection

Buyer Questions for Structural inspection

Failure example: structural looks correct, but official belongs to a different date, unit or transaction. AFAD ties seismic design to code requirements, ground conditions and engineering services, so distinguish preliminary screening from a decision-grade report. A rapid structural screening is not a detailed seismic-performance report. The building earthquake code sets minimum design conditions considering hazard and ground characteristics; assessing an existing building therefore requires building, structural-system and ground evidence, not the map colour alone.

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Closing-Day Check for Structural inspection

Closing-Day Check for Structural inspection

Separate seller assertion from official record. For “Closing-Day Check for Structural inspection”, begin with structural and inspection and make sure both relate to the same asset, party and review date. Mark each as verified, conflicting, stale or unavailable. Check closing independently from the person or document that supplied structural. If it conflicts with official, identify the authoritative owner of the fact and obtain a fresh record.

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Structural inspection Red Flags Guide

Structural inspection Red Flags Guide

The evidence file should cover building/block identity, structural system, observed defects, tests/reports and inspection scope. A document can be genuine yet still be unusable if it belongs to a different unit, parcel, year or transaction. In “Structural inspection Red Flags Guide”, apply this evidence through the red-flag review and reconcile structural/inspection/flags to the controlling record for the same property before accepting the conclusion.

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Official Source Revalidation — Earthquake risk screening

Official Source Revalidation — Earthquake risk screening

AFAD’s current hazard map took effect on 1 January 2019 and is a hazard map, not a building-risk certificate; it uses point-based ground-acceleration values rather than the old earthquake-zone grades. Revalidate site hazard through AFAD and official risky-building status/process through the Ministry.

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Validity and Deadline Control — Earthquake risk screening

Validity and Deadline Control — Earthquake risk screening

earthquake risk screening: AFAD explicitly states that Türkiye’s Earthquake Hazard Map is a HAZARD map, not a building RISK map; assessing a specific building requires exposure/structural information and local conditions in addition to regional hazard. Record the effective, issue, expiry or renewal date relevant to this evidence and test whether it is still fit for the transaction date.

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Environmental Reports and Site Safety Risk Review

Environmental Reports and Site Safety Risk Review

A risk review of environmental reports and site safety is intended to identify weaknesses that may be hidden by apparently complete paperwork. The review considers whether the records are current, authentic, internally consistent and aligned with the actual property or service. It also asks whether missing or inaccurate information could create legal, financial, safety or operating costs for the buyer.

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Environmental Reports and Site Safety Decision Framework

Environmental Reports and Site Safety Decision Framework

The decision framework for environmental reports and site safety converts document review into a controlled transaction decision. It is designed to prevent a buyer from proceeding merely because a document exists; the document must also be current, relevant, consistent and sufficiently verified.

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Payment Release Gate — Earthquake risk screening

Payment Release Gate — Earthquake risk screening

Revalidate site hazard through AFAD and official risky-building status/process through the Ministry. For the building itself, review age, structural system, alterations and engineering or Riskli Yapı records where relevant.

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Earthquake Risk Screening Change Control

Earthquake Risk Screening Change Control

This record controls new information that can change an earthquake-risk screening outcome, such as a newer engineering report, updated building data or a fresh rapid-screening result. Compare the old and new result and document whether the change affects the purchase decision or triggers deeper engineering review. A hazard map alone is not a building-specific safety conclusion.

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Environmental Reports and Site Safety Red Flags

Environmental Reports and Site Safety Red Flags

Red flags in environmental reports and site safety are warning signs that the file may be incomplete, inaccurate, outdated or inconsistent with the actual property or transaction. A red flag does not automatically prove a defect, but it requires documented follow-up before the buyer relies on the record.

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Official Source Revalidation — Building age and renovation history

Official Source Revalidation — Building age and renovation history

Use Official Source Revalidation — Building age and renovation history to return to the competent official source and verify that the prior conclusion still matches the current rule or record. The guide separates verified facts from assumptions, records the competent source and date, and keeps any unresolved legal, technical, tax, payment or cost issue visible.

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Validity and Deadline Control — Building age and renovation history

Validity and Deadline Control — Building age and renovation history

Start from the best official building record available, such as permit and occupancy/use-permit chronology, and keep later renovation dates separate. A marketing statement such as “newly renovated” does not replace the building’s official chronology.

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Counterparty Confirmation — Building age and renovation history

Counterparty Confirmation — Building age and renovation history

Building age should be reconstructed from original permit/occupancy records and documented major renovations; age alone does not establish current condition and cosmetic renovation is not structural renewal. Use the current official or signed record for the same property and parties.

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Exception Register — Building age and renovation history

Exception Register — Building age and renovation history

Exception Register — Building age and renovation history — Building age should be documented from the official permit/occupancy/registry timeline, not from finishes or the year a renovation was advertised. A refurbished unit can look new while its structural system is much older.

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Payment Release Gate — Building age and renovation history

Payment Release Gate — Building age and renovation history

Use Payment Release Gate — Building age and renovation history to define the evidence that must exist before a specific payment is released and block payment when a required condition remains unresolved. The guide separates verified facts from assumptions, records the competent source and date, and keeps any unresolved legal, technical, tax, payment or cost issue visible.

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Change Control — Building age and renovation history

Change Control — Building age and renovation history

Change Control — Building age and renovation history — Building age should be documented from the official permit/occupancy/registry timeline, not from finishes or the year a renovation was advertised. A refurbished unit can look new while its structural system is much older.

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Resale File Preservation — Building age and renovation history

Resale File Preservation — Building age and renovation history

Resale File Preservation — Building age and renovation history — Building age should be documented from the official permit/occupancy/registry timeline, not from finishes or the year a renovation was advertised. A refurbished unit can look new while its structural system is much older.

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Official Source Revalidation — Structural inspection

Official Source Revalidation — Structural inspection

structural inspection: Neither an AFAD hazard map result nor a DASK policy proves the structural safety of a particular building; cracks, alterations or other warning signs require building-specific engineering review and available structural records. Return to the competent public authority or official system and verify the current record; a secondary summary is not a substitute for the controlling source.

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Validity and Deadline Control — Structural inspection

Validity and Deadline Control — Structural inspection

structural inspection: Neither an AFAD hazard map result nor a DASK policy proves the structural safety of a particular building; cracks, alterations or other warning signs require building-specific engineering review and available structural records. Record the effective, issue, expiry or renewal date relevant to this evidence and test whether it is still fit for the transaction date.

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Counterparty Confirmation — Structural inspection

Counterparty Confirmation — Structural inspection

Use Counterparty Confirmation — Structural inspection to obtain independent confirmation of material facts from the responsible party or issuer instead of relying on a forwarded copy alone. The guide separates verified facts from assumptions, records the competent source and date, and keeps any unresolved legal, technical, tax, payment or cost issue visible.

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Exception Register — Structural inspection

Exception Register — Structural inspection

Exception Register — Structural inspection explains how to record every unresolved exception with its owner, impact, deadline, evidence needed and closure status, how to match evidence to the same asset and decision date, and how to convert a discrepancy into a written condition rather than a vague assurance.

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Payment Release Gate — Structural inspection

Payment Release Gate — Structural inspection

A decision-focused guide to Payment Release Gate — Structural inspection: define the evidence that must exist before a specific payment is released and block payment when a required condition remains unresolved, preserve the controlling evidence, recheck material changes.

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Change Control — Structural inspection

Change Control — Structural inspection

Change Control — Structural inspection — A structural inspection is not merely a visual visit. Cracking, moisture or deformation can be warning signs, but technical conclusions should rely on qualified engineering review, appropriate records and tests matched to the question being answered.

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Resale File Preservation — Structural inspection

Resale File Preservation — Structural inspection

Resale File Preservation — Structural inspection — A structural inspection is not merely a visual visit. Cracking, moisture or deformation can be warning signs, but technical conclusions should rely on qualified engineering review, appropriate records and tests matched to the question being answered.

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Pre-Commitment Freeze — Earthquake risk screening

Pre-Commitment Freeze — Earthquake risk screening

Pre-Commitment Freeze — Earthquake risk screening: AFAD’s Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map is a hazard map, not a building-specific risk map; it does not by itself combine building vulnerability, exposure and expected losses. The record focuses on Pre-Commitment Freeze within Earthquake risk screening.

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Closing-Day Recheck — Earthquake risk screening

Closing-Day Recheck — Earthquake risk screening

Closing-Day Recheck — Earthquake risk screening: a practical guide to repeat the critical checks immediately before completion so stale evidence is not mistaken for current status, with emphasis on current evidence, property and party identity, document version, unresolved conflicts and the transaction consequence before commitment.

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Independent Evidence Replication — Building age and renovation history

Independent Evidence Replication — Building age and renovation history

Independent Evidence Replication — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Independent Evidence Replication within Building age and renovation history.

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Pre-Commitment Freeze — Building age and renovation history

Pre-Commitment Freeze — Building age and renovation history

Pre-Commitment Freeze — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Pre-Commitment Freeze within Building age and renovation history.

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Document Version Reconciliation — Building age and renovation history

Document Version Reconciliation — Building age and renovation history

Document Version Reconciliation — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Document Version Reconciliation within Building age and renovation history.

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Cost Consequence Trace — Building age and renovation history

Cost Consequence Trace — Building age and renovation history

Cost Consequence Trace — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Cost Consequence Trace within Building age and renovation history.

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Resale and Exit Review — Building age and renovation history

Resale and Exit Review — Building age and renovation history

Resale and Exit Review — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Resale and Exit Review within Building age and renovation history.

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Cross-Party Consistency Check — Building age and renovation history

Cross-Party Consistency Check — Building age and renovation history

Cross-Party Consistency Check — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Cross-Party Consistency Check within Building age and renovation history.

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Closing-Day Recheck — Building age and renovation history

Closing-Day Recheck — Building age and renovation history

Closing-Day Recheck — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Closing-Day Recheck within Building age and renovation history.

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Independent Evidence Replication — Structural inspection

Independent Evidence Replication — Structural inspection

Independent Evidence Replication — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Independent Evidence Replication within Structural inspection.

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Pre-Commitment Freeze — Structural inspection

Pre-Commitment Freeze — Structural inspection

Pre-Commitment Freeze — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Pre-Commitment Freeze within Structural inspection.

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Document Version Reconciliation — Structural inspection

Document Version Reconciliation — Structural inspection

Document Version Reconciliation — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Document Version Reconciliation within Structural inspection.

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Cost Consequence Trace — Structural inspection

Cost Consequence Trace — Structural inspection

Cost Consequence Trace — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Cost Consequence Trace within Structural inspection.

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Resale and Exit Review — Structural inspection

Resale and Exit Review — Structural inspection

Resale and Exit Review — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Resale and Exit Review within Structural inspection.

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Cross-Party Consistency Check — Structural inspection

Cross-Party Consistency Check — Structural inspection

Cross-Party Consistency Check — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Cross-Party Consistency Check within Structural inspection.

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Closing-Day Recheck — Structural inspection

Closing-Day Recheck — Structural inspection

Closing-Day Recheck — Structural inspection: a practical guide to repeat the critical checks immediately before completion so stale evidence is not mistaken for current status, with emphasis on current evidence, property and party identity, document version, unresolved conflicts and the transaction consequence before commitment.

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Source Freshness Review — Earthquake risk screening

Source Freshness Review — Earthquake risk screening

A decision-focused guide to Source Freshness Review — Earthquake risk screening: confirm that the relied-on rule, registry extract, certificate or other evidence is current enough for the decision date, preserve the controlling evidence, recheck material changes.

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Source Freshness Review — Building age and renovation history

Source Freshness Review — Building age and renovation history

Source Freshness Review — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Source Freshness Review within Building age and renovation history.

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Deadline Readiness Review — Building age and renovation history

Deadline Readiness Review — Building age and renovation history

Deadline Readiness Review — Building age and renovation history: Building age is useful context but does not determine safety by itself; structural system, alterations, maintenance and compliance with the permitted project are separate factors. The record focuses on Deadline Readiness Review within Building age and renovation history.

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Audit Trail Reconstruction — Building age and renovation history

Audit Trail Reconstruction — Building age and renovation history

Use Audit Trail Reconstruction — Building age and renovation history to rebuild the chronological evidence trail, including what changed, who supplied it and which version became authoritative. The guide separates verified facts from assumptions, records the competent source and date, and keeps any unresolved legal, technical, tax, payment or cost issue visible.

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Source Freshness Review — Structural inspection

Source Freshness Review — Structural inspection

A decision-focused guide to Source Freshness Review — Structural inspection: confirm that the relied-on rule, registry extract, certificate or other evidence is current enough for the decision date, preserve the controlling evidence, recheck material changes.

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Deadline Readiness Review — Structural inspection

Deadline Readiness Review — Structural inspection

Deadline Readiness Review — Structural inspection: a practical guide to confirm that required documents, approvals and responsible parties will be ready before the relevant contractual or filing deadline, with emphasis on current evidence, property and party identity, document version, unresolved conflicts and the transaction consequence before commitment.

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Audit Trail Reconstruction — Structural inspection

Audit Trail Reconstruction — Structural inspection

Audit Trail Reconstruction — Structural inspection: A structural inspection should state what was actually examined: visual inspection, testing, engineering analysis and a formal 6306 “risky building” determination are not interchangeable procedures. The record focuses on Audit Trail Reconstruction within Structural inspection.

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